1) Ideal Independent Voltage Sources
An ideal independent voltage source is a two-terminal circuit element where the voltage across it
a) is independent of the current through it
b) can be specified independently of any other variable in a circuit.
There are two symbols for ideal independent voltage source in circuit theory:
Symbol for Constant Independent Voltage Source
Determine the power of each source.
a)
b)
Solution
a) The current source keeps the current of the loop 
and the voltage source keeps the voltage across the current source 
as shown below.
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Find the current passing through the voltage source:
a)
b)
Solution
a) The voltage source is in series with the current source. Since by definition a current source keeps the current passing through itself constant and the voltage source is in series with the current source, it should have the same current 
.
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Determine the power of 
and 
. (Hint: there is no need to use nodal analysis; voltages between nodes can be easily found by the voltage sources.)
Solution
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Determine the power absorbed by the resistors, the conductance of the resistors and 
.
Find the power of each element. Which one is supplying power and which one is absorbing it?
Solution
a) Passive sign convention, 
supplying power.
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